China is the world's largest manufacturer and makes up about one-fifth of the global economy. It is the second largest economy on Earth. International organizations have criticized the PRC, alleging authoritarianism and human rights abuses.

Some one-fifth of humanity is of Chinese nationality. The great majority of the population is Han Chinese, and thus China is often characterized as an ethnically homogeneous country, but few countries have as many diverse Indigenous peoples as does China.

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Imperial China reached its greatest territorial extent during the Qing, but China came into increasing conflict with European powers, culminating in the Opium Wars and subsequent unequal treaties. The 1911 Xinhai Revolution, led by Sun Yat-sen and others, created the Republic of China.

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