Miasma theory is defined as the hypothesis that diseases, such as cholera, were caused by "bad air" or airborne organic particles concentrated in low-lying areas, which was later proven to be misleading but contributed to the development of epidemiological approaches and sanitary statistics.

Nurse leaders can easily identify and discuss the challenges they face, which reassures them they are not alone. The real challenge for nurse leaders …

The miasma theory, as presented, was a theory that held that diseases that were caused by miasmas were not, on the whole, contagious. However, it was also the case that everyone agreed that there were some diseases that clearly were contagious.

In this paper we highlight what we consider to be a lack of adequate conceptualisation, operationalisation and measurement of “place effects”. We brie…

There is considerable controversy over how to define the concept of health, but the realization that it carries a positive connotation beyond the abse…

The most widely accepted explanation of the epidemics was based on the assumption that they were caused by a miasma, which was believed to be a harmful form of ‘bad air’ or poisonous vapour, filled with particles from decomposed matter.

The germ theory of disease—infectious disease is primarily caused by transmission of an organism from one host to another—is a gross oversimplificatio…

During the early 19th century, contagionists' and anti-contagionists' explanations of disease causes opposed one another, and the Hippocratic miasma theory still predominated. According to that theory, geographic health disparities could be explained by topographical factors: differences in altitude, population density or proximity to a river.

In Europe, the miasma theory was replaced by the germ theory of disease during the late 1800s with discoveries and developments by Pasteur, Agostino Bassi, Ignaz Semmelweis, and Robert Koch. Robert Koch’s postulates have influenced modern developments in pathogenesis to help guide gene encoding.

In this paper we argue that nursing is consistently presented as a practice without a history, constantly reinventing itself within new professional a…